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A fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant used as both an active and an excipient.

Almost always derived from soy or sunflower oil — but the carrier acetate ester can use animal-sourced acetic acid in rare cases. Manufacturers usually disclose 'vegetable-source' on request.

An organic acid used to adjust pH and as a flavour/effervescence agent.

Produced by Aspergillus niger fermentation of glucose; halal.